The Ledger

Anthropology

Essays and book reviews on what it means to be human—theological, philosophical, and cultural reflection on human nature, identity, and embodiment.

What Does It Mean to Be Human?

Few questions are more contested today, or more consequential, than what it means to be human. This page gathers our essays and book reviews engaging theological and philosophical anthropology—from the doctrine of the image of God to debates over gender, race, virtue, and the nature of the mind. New pieces are added as they're published.

Our approach. We publish resources from Protestants and Catholics alike, though we generally aim to promote classical Protestant views. We seek out experts in their field regardless of viewpoint and do not police positions among contributors, though we naturally pursue promotion of those things held in common by the Protestant Reformed confessions. For especially contested topics, we often commission symposiums so that a range of views can be given a voice alongside promotion of our confessional views.
Original Essays

Essays

Essay

What makes human intelligence what it is, and why the three classical acts of the mind mean artificial intelligence can only ever mimic, not replicate, authentic thought.

Tim Jacobs Read
Essay

Recovering a biblical and historical category for unbidden inward anguish and temptation—the "passions"—and what it means for pastoral care.

Leland Brown Read
Essay

Tracing Moral Sentimentalism from Hume and Mandeville to Jonathan Haidt, and why grounding ethics in evolved sentiment cannot answer the question of what is good.

Daniel Goodman Read
Essay

Can non-Christians act virtuously? Bringing Keller's account of common grace into dialogue with Aquinas's account of postlapsarian human nature.

Daniel W. Houck Read
Reviewed Volumes

Book Reviews

Book Review

Foster and Tennant's handbook for "godly masculinity," reviewed for its treatment of patriarchy, biblical anthropology, and the meaning of manhood.

Flynn Evans Read
Book Review

William Lane Craig's case for a historical Adam, and his proposal for reconciling the biblical data with the paleoanthropological evidence.

Andrew Hollingsworth Read
Book Review

Kent Dunnington's account of addiction as habituated action rather than disease or choice, and what it means for counseling and pastoral care.

Alex R. Wendel Read
Book Review

Beth Allison Barr's argument that "biblical womanhood" is a modern construct, assessed for its historical argument and definitional clarity.

Jordan Steffaniak Read
Book Review

Kevin DeYoung's brief introduction to complementarianism for laypersons, elders, and deacons, evaluated for scope and argumentative rigor.

Jordan Steffaniak Read
Book Review

Shai Linne's biblical case for ethnic unity in the local church, and why justification by faith alone is the key to addressing ethnic disunity.

Jonathan Baddley Read
Book Review

Carl Trueman's genealogy of expressive individualism and the modern self, examined for its historical argument and pastoral implications.

Fellipe do Vale Read
Book Review

Michel Foucault's genealogy of sexuality as discourse and power, and how the modern self has come to locate identity in sexual desire.

Andrew Slay Read
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